Spatial analysis of factors influencing bacterial leaf blight in rice production / Análise espacial dos fatores que influenciam a praga bacteriana foliar na produção de arroz

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight that is a major threat to rice production. Crop losses in extreme situations can reach up to75%, and millions of hectares of rice are affected each year. Management of the disease required information about the spatial distribution of BLB incidence, severity, and prevalence. In this study, major rice-growing areas of Pakistan were surveyed during 2018-2019 for disease occurrence, and thematic maps were developed using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that Narowal district had highest percentage of disease incidence (54-69%), severity (42-44%), and prevalence (72-90%) meanwhile Jhung district had the lowest incidence (21-23%), severity (18-22%), and prevalence (45-54%). To understand the environmental factors contributing to this major rice disease, the research analyze, the spatial relationships between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. Those variables include relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure (A.P), minimum temperature, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and elevation, which were evaluated by using GIS-based Ordinary Least Square (OLS) spatial model. The fitted model had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 65 percent explanatory power of disease development. All environmental variables showed a general trend of positive correlation between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. The results show the potential for disease management and prediction using environmental variable and assessment.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causa o crestamento bacteriano das folhas, que é uma grande ameaça à produção de arroz. As perdas de safra em situações extremas podem chegar a 75% e a milhões de hectares de arroz são afetados a cada ano. O manejo da doença exigia informações sobre a distribuição espacial da incidência, gravidade e prevalência de BLB. Neste estudo, as principais áreas de cultivo de arroz do Paquistão foram pesquisadas durante 2018 e 2019 para ocorrência de doenças, e mapas temáticos foram desenvolvidos usando o sistema de informações geográficas (GIS). Os resultados mostraram que o distrito de Narowal teve a maior porcentagem de incidência da doença (54-69%), gravidade (42-44%) e prevalência (72-90%), enquanto o distrito de Jhung teve a menor incidência (21-23%), gravidade (18-22%) e prevalência (45-54%). Para compreender os fatores ambientais que contribuem para esta importante doença do arroz, a pesquisa analisa as relações espaciais entre a prevalência de BLB e as variáveis ​​ambientais. Essas variáveis ​​incluem umidade relativa (UR), pressão atmosférica (PA), temperatura mínima, carbono orgânico do solo, pH do solo e altitude, que sendo avaliadas a partir do modelo espacial Ordinary Least Square (OLS) baseado em GIS. O modelo ajustado teve um coeficiente de determinação (R2) de 65 por cento de poder explicativo do desenvolvimento da doença. Todas as variáveis ​​ambientais apresentaram tendência geral de correlação positiva entre prevalência de BLB e variáveis ​​ambientais. Os resultados mostram o potencial de manejo e predição de doenças usando variáveis ​​e avaliações ambientais.

Characterization of the antagonism of the mycorrhizal fungus Waitea circinata against Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens and Sarocladium oryzaerice pathogens / Caracterização do antagonismo do fungo micorrízico Waitea circinata contra os patógenos do arroz Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens e Sarocladium oryzae

Rice production is affected by important pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens and Sarocladium oryzae, and orchid mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to the biocontrol of these diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the antagonism mechanisms of W. circinata against rice pathogens. The indoleacetic acid (IAA) and lytic enzymes of W. circinata were quantified. The effectiveness of the bioagent and its metabolites was assessed in vitro. Antagonism in vivo against rice blast was also investigated. Waitea circinata produced IAA (2.3 µg ml¹), cellulase and polyphenol oxidase in a qualitative test. Glucanase, chitinase and protease were also produced in culture with cell walls and in co-culture with pathogens to explain antibiosis. W. circinata acts on direct antagonism by antibiosis and volatile metabolites. Mycelial suspension reduced M. oryzae conidial germination, appressorium formation, and rice blast by 61, 82 and 84%, respectively. W. circinata, a unique bioagent, controls four rice pathogens from mechanisms of parasitism and antibiosis. The results could contribute to new formulations containing this fungus, enzymes as well as its volatile metabolites.

A produção de arroz é afetada por patógenos importantes como Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens e Sarocladium oryzae, e fungos micorrízicos de orquídeas podem contribuir para o biocontrole dessas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os mecanismos de antagonismo de W. circinata contra patógenos do arroz. O ácido indolacético (AIA) e as enzimas líticas de W. circinata foram quantificadas. A eficácia do bioagente e seus metabólitos foi avaliada in vitro. O antagonismo in vivo contra a brusone do arroz também foi investigado. Waitea circinata produziu AIA (2,3 µg ml¹), celulase e polifenol oxidase em teste qualitativo. Glucanase, quitinase e protease também foram produzidas em cultura com paredes celulares e em co-cultura com patógenos para explicar a antibiose. W. circinata atua no antagonismo direto por antibiose e metabólitos voláteis. A suspensão micelial reduziu a germinação de conídios de M. oryzae, a formação de apressórios e a brusone do arroz em 61, 82 e 84%, respectivamente. W. circinata, um bioagente único, controla quatro patógenos do arroz a partir de mecanismos de parasitismo e antibiose. Os resultados podem contribuir para novas formulações contendo este fungo, enzimas, bem como seus metabólitos voláteis.

Fungi on irrigated rice seeds produced in the pre-germinated system in the Alto Vale do Itajaí region, Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Fungos em sementes de arroz irrigado produzidas no sistema pré-germinado na região do Alto Vale do Itajaí, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

The aim of this research was to identify and quantify fungi infecting irrigated rice seeds produced in the 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2017/18 harvests in the pre-germinated system in the Alto Vale do Itajaí Region, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. A total of 479 lots of eight cultivars were analyzed. Seeds were disinfected and sown in potato-sucrose-agar culture medium with incubation for seven days at 25ºC ± 2ºC and photoperiod of 12 hours. The main fungus detected in the three crops season was Microdochium albescens with 54.9% of average incidence, followed by Alternaria padwikii (7.7%) and Bipolaris oryzae (3.3%).(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar fungos infectando sementes de arroz irrigado, produzidas nas safras 2015/16, 2016/17 e 2017/18, no sistema pré-germinado na região do Alto Vale do Itajaí, estado de Santa Catarina. Foram analisados 479 lotes de oito cultivares, sendo as sementes desinfestadas e semeadas em meio de cultura de batata-sacarose-ágar com incubação por sete dias a 25ºC ± 2 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. O principal fungo detectado nas três safras foi Microdochium albescens com 54,9% de incidência média, seguido de Alternaria padwikii (7,7%) e Bipolaris oryzae (3,3%).(AU)

Transmission of Microdochium albescens from seeds to seedlings in the pre-germinated cultivation system of irrigated rice / Transmissão de Microdochium albescens de sementes para plântulas de arroz irrigado no sistema de cultivo pré-germinado

The fungus Microdochium albescens is one of the main pathogens associated with irrigated rice seeds in southern Brazil. The objective of the present study was to quantify the transmission of M. albescens from naturally infected seeds to the crown, coleoptile, and first true leaf of the seedlings of six cultivars growing in pre-germinated cultivation system of irrigated rice. Seeding was carried out on a water-saturated substrate, using four untreated seed lots for each of the six cultivars. At 14 days after sowing, the crown, coleoptile, and first true leaf of the seedlings were carefully highlighted, and the samples were disinfected and plated onto potato-sucrose-agar culture medium. M. albescens was transmitted asymptomatically to crown, coleoptile, and first true leaf, at rates of 39.3%, 25.8%, and 5.4%, respectively (these values represent the average incidence of the six cultivars). This is the first report that proves that M. albescens is transmitted from infected seeds to irrigated rice seedlings in a pre-germinated seed system.(AU)

O fungo Microdochium albescens é um dos principais patógenos associados às sementes de arroz irrigado no sul do Brasil. O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a transmissão de M. albescens de sementes naturalmente infectadas para a coroa, coleóptilo e primeira folha verdadeira das plântulas de seis cultivares semeadas em sistema de cultivo pré-germinado de arroz irrigado. A semeadura foi realizada em substrato saturado com água, utilizando quatro lotes de sementes não tratadas para cada uma das seis cultivares. Aos 14 dias após a semeadura, a coroa, o coleóptilo e a primeira folha verdadeira das plântulas foram cuidadosamente dissecados, desinfestados e plaqueados em meio de cultura batata-sacarose-ágar. M. abescens foi transmitido de forma assintomática para coroa, coleóptilo e primeira folha verdadeira, nas taxas de 39,3%, 25,8% e 5,4%, respectivamente (estes valores representam a incidência média das seis cultivares). Este é o primeiro relato de M. albescens transmitido de sementes infectadas para plântulas de arroz irrigado em sistema de semente pré-germinada.(AU)

Symptoms of Fusarium graminearum infection in irrigated rice grains / Sintomas de infecção por Fusarium graminearum em grãos de arroz irrigado

The fungus Fusarium graminearum was one of the first pathogens described as causing infections in rice; however, in Brazil, there is no description of its occurrence in panicles. The present study aimed to describe the symptoms caused by F. graminearum infection in irrigated rice grains. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in duplicate using the irrigated rice cultivar SCS 121CL and hybrid INOV CL at the R4 (flowering) stage. Two isolate of Fusarium graminearium species complex 15A (F. graminearium - 15-ADON) and FmNiv (F. meridionale - Nivalenol), was inoculated onto panicles by spraying with macroconidia and the development of symptoms was monitored until harvest. There was no difference in symptoms among isolates. Light brown spots were observed in the glumes three days after inoculation. These later evolved into brown lesions of irregular shape and size. The glume darkened to purple when the grains were in the filling stage (R6). On maturation, the glume showed dark brown coloration. Severely infected grains were shriveled and brittle.(AU)

O fungo Fusarium graminearum foi um dos primeiros patógenos descritos na cultura do arroz, no entanto, no Brasil, não há descrição de sua ocorrência em panículas. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os sintomas ocasionados pela infecção de F. graminearum em grãos de arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido, em casa de vegetação, duas vezes, com a cultivar de arroz irrigado SCS 121CL e o Híbrido INOV CL no estádio R4 (florescimento). Dois isolados de espécies do complexo Fusarium graminearium, 15A (F. graminearium - 15ADON) e FmNiv (F, meridionale - Nivalenol) foram inoculados em panículas por aspersão de macroconídios, com acompanhamento da evolução dos sintomas até a colheita. Não houve diferença entre os isolados. Pontos de coloração parda foram observados nas glumas três dias após inoculação, evoluindo, posteriormente, para lesões de coloração marrom-claro de tamanho e forma irregular. Houve escurecimento total da gluma com coloração arroxeada quando os grãos encontravam-se no estádio de enchimento de grão (R6). Na maturação de colheita a gluma dos grãos apresentava coloração marrom-escuro. Grãos severamente infectados mostraram-se chochos e quebradiços.(AU)

Attractiveness of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths to the South American rice water weevil / Atratividade de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) de diferentes comprimentos de onda aos adultos da bicheira-da-raiz

The South American rice water weevil Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of irrigated rice in Brazil. Light traps could be used as an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy since these weevils have strong phototropism. Thus, the aim of this study was to search the attractiveness of LEDs of different wavelengths to O. oryzae to define the best light-emitting diodes (LED) arrangement to build the lamp of photovoltaic light traps. LEDs of different wavelengths were tested in a dark room with a hexagonal arena with exits to light sources. Groups of 200 insects were released in the center of the arena and captured at the end of exposure time in plastic bags placed in the exits. The LEDs in the short-wave band of the light spectrum (365 and 460 nm) and white LEDs, as well as the light mix of 365 with 460 nm or white LEDs, were attractive to O. oryzae. Beyond the LEDs with ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, the LEDs above 380 nm were the most attractive and, this way, might be used to build LED lamps of photovoltaic light traps.(AU)

Uma das pragas-chave do arroz irrigado é a bicheira-da-raiz, denominação comum atribuída às larvas do gorgulho aquático Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A utilização de armadilhas luminosas poderia ser uma alternativa viável no manejo integrado, pois esse gorgulho apresenta elevado fototropismo positivo. Assim, objetivou-se determinar a atratividade de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) de diferentes comprimentos de onda ao O. oryzae e definir o seu melhor arranjo para compor a lâmpada de armadilhas luminosas fotovoltaicas. LEDs de diferentes comprimentos de onda foram testados em sala escura, em uma arena hexagonal com saídas para as fontes de luz. Grupos de 200 indivíduos foram liberados no centro da arena e capturados em sacos plásticos nas saídas ao fim do tempo de exposição. Os LEDs da faixa do espectro luminoso de ondas curtas (365 e 460 nm) e LEDs brancos, bem como as misturas de luzes de LEDs 365 com 460 nm ou branco, foram atrativos ao O. oryzae. Entre os LEDs com espectro ultravioleta, os mais atrativos foram aqueles acima de 380 nm, devendo estes compor, prioritariamente, lâmpadas de LED para uso nas armadilhas luminosas fotovoltaicas.(AU)

Attractiveness of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths to the South American rice water weevil / Atratividade de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) de diferentes comprimentos de onda aos adultos da bicheira-da-raiz

The South American rice water weevil Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of irrigated rice in Brazil. Light traps could be used as an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy since these weevils have strong phototropism. Thus, the aim of this study was to search the attractiveness of LEDs of different wavelengths to O. oryzae to define the best light-emitting diodes (LED) arrangement to build the lamp of photovoltaic light traps. LEDs of different wavelengths were tested in a dark room with a hexagonal arena with exits to light sources. Groups of 200 insects were released in the center of the arena and captured at the end of exposure time in plastic bags placed in the exits. The LEDs in the short-wave band of the light spectrum (365 and 460 nm) and white LEDs, as well as the light mix of 365 with 460 nm or white LEDs, were attractive to O. oryzae. Beyond the LEDs with ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, the LEDs above 380 nm were the most attractive and, this way, might be used to build LED lamps of photovoltaic light traps.(AU)

Uma das pragas-chave do arroz irrigado é a bicheira-da-raiz, denominação comum atribuída às larvas do gorgulho aquático Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A utilização de armadilhas luminosas poderia ser uma alternativa viável no manejo integrado, pois esse gorgulho apresenta elevado fototropismo positivo. Assim, objetivou-se determinar a atratividade de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) de diferentes comprimentos de onda ao O. oryzae e definir o seu melhor arranjo para compor a lâmpada de armadilhas luminosas fotovoltaicas. LEDs de diferentes comprimentos de onda foram testados em sala escura, em uma arena hexagonal com saídas para as fontes de luz. Grupos de 200 indivíduos foram liberados no centro da arena e capturados em sacos plásticos nas saídas ao fim do tempo de exposição. Os LEDs da faixa do espectro luminoso de ondas curtas (365 e 460 nm) e LEDs brancos, bem como as misturas de luzes de LEDs 365 com 460 nm ou branco, foram atrativos ao O. oryzae. Entre os LEDs com espectro ultravioleta, os mais atrativos foram aqueles acima de 380 nm, devendo estes compor, prioritariamente, lâmpadas de LED para uso nas armadilhas luminosas fotovoltaicas.(AU)

Reaction of wheat plants and alternative hosts to Magnaporthe oryzae / Reação de plantas de trigo e hospedeiros alternativos a Magnaporthe oryzae

Blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, has a major impact on wheat farming. The study of plant responses to pathogens has improved the management of this disease. Moreover, it is important to identify potential host plants in the crops' vicinity and to understand reactions caused by plant-pathogen interactions. The objective of this study was to assess the histopathology of wheat plants, Digitaria insularis and Digitaria sanguinalis inoculated with M. oryzae isolates obtained either rice or wheat plants. Thirty-three days after sowing, greenhouse-grown plants of all three species were inoculated with each M. oryzae isolate. The observed effects (48 hours after inoculation) differed depending on the particular interaction between each pathogen isolate-plant species pair. For instance, wheat and D. sanguinalis had the weakest defensive response against spore germination, production of melanized appressoria, and appressorial penetration, with average values above 87, 90, and 43%, respectively, for these events in these plants. Furthermore, germination and appressoria melanization were more aggressive in the rice isolate than in the wheat isolate. Additionally, evidence for a defensive response (such as cell death) was observed in wheat plants inoculated with rice isolates. However, such a response was absent in plants inoculated using wheat isolates, presumably because pathogen recognition failed.(AU)

A brusone é uma doença causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe oryzae e de grande impacto para a triticultura. O estudo das respostas da planta aos patógenos tem auxiliado no manejo das doenças, e a identificação das plantas hospedeiras nas proximidades da lavoura é importante, assim como conhecer as reações de interação com o patógeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os eventos histológicos de plantas de trigo Digitaria insularis e Digitaria sanguinalis inoculadas com isolados de M. oryzae de plantas de arroz e trigo. Aos 33 dias da semeadura, as plantas cultivadas em estufa foram inoculadas com dois isolados de M. oryzae. O efeito observado nas plantas, 48 horas após a inoculação, mostrou interações diferentes para cada isolado do patógeno e entre as espécies de plantas. As plantas de trigo e D. sanguinalis foram os materiais com menores respostas de defesa à germinação, de produção de apressórios melanizados e penetração do apressório, com valores acima de 87, 90 e 43%, respectivamente. Entre os isolados do patógeno, o mais agressivo para germinação e produção de apressório melanizado foi o proveniente de plantas de arroz. A resposta de defesa da planta, como a morte celular, foi observada nas plantas de trigo inoculadas com isolado proveniente de plantas de arroz, enquanto não houve resposta de defesa da planta quando inoculada com isolado obtido de plantas de trigo, provavelmente por não ocorrer o reconhecimento do patógeno.(AU)

Reaction of wheat plants and alternative hosts to Magnaporthe oryzae / Reação de plantas de trigo e hospedeiros alternativos a Magnaporthe oryzae

Blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, has a major impact on wheat farming. The study of plant responses to pathogens has improved the management of this disease. Moreover, it is important to identify potential host plants in the crops' vicinity and to understand reactions caused by plant-pathogen interactions. The objective of this study was to assess the histopathology of wheat plants, Digitaria insularis and Digitaria sanguinalis inoculated with M. oryzae isolates obtained either rice or wheat plants. Thirty-three days after sowing, greenhouse-grown plants of all three species were inoculated with each M. oryzae isolate. The observed effects (48 hours after inoculation) differed depending on the particular interaction between each pathogen isolate-plant species pair. For instance, wheat and D. sanguinalis had the weakest defensive response against spore germination, production of melanized appressoria, and appressorial penetration, with average values above 87, 90, and 43%, respectively, for these events in these plants. Furthermore, germination and appressoria melanization were more aggressive in the rice isolate than in the wheat isolate. Additionally, evidence for a defensive response (such as cell death) was observed in wheat plants inoculated with rice isolates. However, such a response was absent in plants inoculated using wheat isolates, presumably because pathogen recognition failed.(AU)

A brusone é uma doença causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe oryzae e de grande impacto para a triticultura. O estudo das respostas da planta aos patógenos tem auxiliado no manejo das doenças, e a identificação das plantas hospedeiras nas proximidades da lavoura é importante, assim como conhecer as reações de interação com o patógeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os eventos histológicos de plantas de trigo Digitaria insularis e Digitaria sanguinalis inoculadas com isolados de M. oryzae de plantas de arroz e trigo. Aos 33 dias da semeadura, as plantas cultivadas em estufa foram inoculadas com dois isolados de M. oryzae. O efeito observado nas plantas, 48 horas após a inoculação, mostrou interações diferentes para cada isolado do patógeno e entre as espécies de plantas. As plantas de trigo e D. sanguinalis foram os materiais com menores respostas de defesa à germinação, de produção de apressórios melanizados e penetração do apressório, com valores acima de 87, 90 e 43%, respectivamente. Entre os isolados do patógeno, o mais agressivo para germinação e produção de apressório melanizado foi o proveniente de plantas de arroz. A resposta de defesa da planta, como a morte celular, foi observada nas plantas de trigo inoculadas com isolado proveniente de plantas de arroz, enquanto não houve resposta de defesa da planta quando inoculada com isolado obtido de plantas de trigo, provavelmente por não ocorrer o reconhecimento do patógeno.(AU)

Relationship between blast severity on seedlings and panicles of Brazilian oat cultivars / Relação entre a severidade de brusone em plântulas e panículas de cultivares brasileiras de aveia

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, threats black (Avena strigosa) and white (A. sativa) oats in Brazil. Little is known about the reaction of Brazilian oat cultivars to blast and if there is a relationship between the response of cultivars to the disease at seedling and adult plant stages. The goals of this research were to verify (a) the reaction of black and white Brazilian oat cultivars to infection of P. oryzae and (b) if the response to blast on seedling leaves and panicles was correlated. Seedlings and adult plants of 13 oat cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of one P. oryzae isolate obtained from a black oat cultivar. The cultivars were classified according to blast severity on the leaf seedlings and panicles estimated by visual estimation. Two experiments were conducted for each one of the two evaluated stages. Cultivars with lower value to blast severity on seedling leaves were ‘UPFA Gaudéria’ (25.82%) and ‘UPF 18’ (24.88%) and, on panicles, ‘BRS Centauro’ (31.63%). Coefficients of Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall obtained from correlation analyses between blast severity on seedling leaves and panicles were -0.21232, -0.35714, and -0.30769, respectively (non-significant at 0.05). Lack of correlation between the responses of these oat cultivars to blast on seedling leaves and panicles be considered in the management of the disease in the field and the generation of new oat cultivars.

A brusone, causada por Pyricularia oryzae, ameaça as culturas da aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e branca (A. sativa) no Brasil. Sabe-se pouco sobre a reação das cultivares brasileiras de aveia à brusone e se existe relação entre a resposta destas cultivares à doença nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) verificar a reação de cultivares brasileiras de aveia à infecção de P. oryzae e; (b) se existe relação entre a resposta à brusone dessas cultivares nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Plântulas e plantas adultas de 13 cultivares de aveia foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de P. oryzae obtido de uma planta de uma cultivar de aveia preta. As cultivares foram classificadas de acordo com a estimativa visual da severidade da doença nas folhas das plântulas e nas panículas das plantas adultas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para cada um dos estádios avaliados. As cultivares com menor severidade de brusone nas plântulas foram a ‘Gaudéria UPFA’ (25,82%) e a ‘UPF 18’ (24,88%) e, nas panículas, foi a ‘BRS Centauro’ (31,63%). Os coeficientes de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall obtidos da análise de correlação entre os dois estádios avaliados foram -0,21232, -0,35714 e -0,30769, respectivamente (todos sem significância estatística à 0,05). A falta de correlação entre as respostas das cultivares de aveia à brusone, em plântulas e panículas, constitui-se em informação a ser considerada no manejo da doença, no campo e na geração de novas cultivares de aveia.

Relationship between blast severity on seedlings and panicles of Brazilian oat cultivars / Relação entre a severidade de brusone em plântulas e panículas de cultivares brasileiras de aveia

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, threats black (Avena strigosa) and white (A. sativa) oats in Brazil. Little is known about the reaction of Brazilian oat cultivars to blast and if there is a relationship between the response of cultivars to the disease at seedling and adult plant stages. The goals of this research were to verify (a) the reaction of black and white Brazilian oat cultivars to infection of P. oryzae and (b) if the response to blast on seedling leaves and panicles was correlated. Seedlings and adult plants of 13 oat cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of one P. oryzae isolate obtained from a black oat cultivar. The cultivars were classified according to blast severity on the leaf seedlings and panicles estimated by visual estimation. Two experiments were conducted for each one of the two evaluated stages. Cultivars with lower value to blast severity on seedling leaves were ‘UPFA Gaudéria (25.82%) and ‘UPF 18 (24.88%) and, on panicles, ‘BRS Centauro (31.63%). Coefficients of Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall obtained from correlation analyses between blast severity on seedling leaves and panicles were -0.21232, -0.35714, and -0.30769, respectively (non-significant at 0.05). Lack of correlation between the responses of these oat cultivars to blast on seedling leaves and panicles be considered in the management of the disease in the field and the generation of new oat cultivars.(AU)

A brusone, causada por Pyricularia oryzae, ameaça as culturas da aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e branca (A. sativa) no Brasil. Sabe-se pouco sobre a reação das cultivares brasileiras de aveia à brusone e se existe relação entre a resposta destas cultivares à doença nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) verificar a reação de cultivares brasileiras de aveia à infecção de P. oryzae e; (b) se existe relação entre a resposta à brusone dessas cultivares nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Plântulas e plantas adultas de 13 cultivares de aveia foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de P. oryzae obtido de uma planta de uma cultivar de aveia preta. As cultivares foram classificadas de acordo com a estimativa visual da severidade da doença nas folhas das plântulas e nas panículas das plantas adultas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para cada um dos estádios avaliados. As cultivares com menor severidade de brusone nas plântulas foram a ‘Gaudéria UPFA (25,82%) e a ‘UPF 18 (24,88%) e, nas panículas, foi a ‘BRS Centauro (31,63%). Os coeficientes de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall obtidos da análise de correlação entre os dois estádios avaliados foram -0,21232, -0,35714 e -0,30769, respectivamente (todos sem significância estatística à 0,05). A falta de correlação entre as respostas das cultivares de aveia à brusone, em plântulas e panículas, constitui-se em informação a ser considerada no manejo da doença, no campo e na geração de novas cultivares de aveia.(AU)

Cytological aspects of incompatible and compatible interactions between rice, wheat and the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae

Blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, is an important disease affecting rice and wheat yield worldwide. This study investigated the cytological aspects of incompatible (non-host resistance) and compatible (host resistance) rice- (R_Po) and wheat- (W_Po) Pyricularia oryzae isolate interactions. Inoculations of rice and wheat with the R_Po and W_Po isolates of P. oryzae, respectively, were expected to be compatible interactions (host resistance), whereas inoculations of rice and wheat with the W_Po and R_Po isolates of P. oryzae, respectively, were considered to be incompatible interactions (non-host resistance). For the compatible interactions (rice-R_Po and wheat-W_Po), fungal hyphae penetrated and colonized the epidermal cells and also invaded many neighboring cells. By contrast, in the case of the incompatible interactions (rice-W_Po and wheat-R_Po), fungal hyphae were not able to penetrate nor colonize the epidermal cells, but when penetration did occur, the hyphae were restricted to the first-invaded epidermal cell. The frequency of appressorial sites exhibiting infection hyphae within the epidermal cell underlying an appressorium was greater in the case of the compatible interactions. By contrast, unsuccessful penetrations with cytoplasmic granulation occurred with high frequency in the incompatible wheat-R_Po and rice-W_Po interactions and the number of necrotic epidermal cells underlying the appressorium was low for the rice-W_Po interaction as well as for the wheat- R_Po interaction, where no symptoms of necrosis were exhibited. However, the opposite was observed for the compatible interactions. The present study presents cytological features associated with incompatible and compatible rice- and wheat-P. oryzae interactions that may be useful to studies involving variability, coevolution, diagnosis, and regulation of quarantine or even in a rice or wheat breeding program whose aim is to transfer genes involved in non-host resistance to host resistance due to similarities in downstream mechanisms.

Cytological aspects of incompatible and compatible interactions between rice, wheat and the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae

Blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, is an important disease affecting rice and wheat yield worldwide. This study investigated the cytological aspects of incompatible (non-host resistance) and compatible (host resistance) rice- (R_Po) and wheat- (W_Po) Pyricularia oryzae isolate interactions. Inoculations of rice and wheat with the R_Po and W_Po isolates of P. oryzae, respectively, were expected to be compatible interactions (host resistance), whereas inoculations of rice and wheat with the W_Po and R_Po isolates of P. oryzae, respectively, were considered to be incompatible interactions (non-host resistance). For the compatible interactions (rice-R_Po and wheat-W_Po), fungal hyphae penetrated and colonized the epidermal cells and also invaded many neighboring cells. By contrast, in the case of the incompatible interactions (rice-W_Po and wheat-R_Po), fungal hyphae were not able to penetrate nor colonize the epidermal cells, but when penetration did occur, the hyphae were restricted to the first-invaded epidermal cell. The frequency of appressorial sites exhibiting infection hyphae within the epidermal cell underlying an appressorium was greater in the case of the compatible interactions. By contrast, unsuccessful penetrations with cytoplasmic granulation occurred with high frequency in the incompatible wheat-R_Po and rice-W_Po interactions and the number of necrotic epidermal cells underlying the appressorium was low for the rice-W_Po interaction as well as for the wheat- R_Po interaction, where no symptoms of necrosis were exhibited. However, the opposite was observed for the compatible interactions. The present study presents cytological features associated with incompatible and compatible rice- and wheat-P. oryzae interactions that may be useful to studies involving variability, coevolution, diagnosis, and regulation of quarantine or even in a rice or wheat breeding program whose aim is to transfer genes involved in non-host resistance to host resistance due to similarities in downstream mechanisms.(AU)

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease / Modelos de pontos críticos para relacionar o rendimento de grãos com a intensidade em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares em arroz irrigado

The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-53(AU)

A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação d(AU)

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação da panícula (9.432-188,5I; R=7.038-1.466S e 10.176-87I; R=8.258-533,55S), emborrachamento (R=7.044-71,78I; 6.881-1.296S e R=9.993-71,74I; R=8.846-763,83S), floração (R=7.447-82,29I; R=8.731-1.398S e R=8.347-54,36I; R=7.338-681,52S) e grão leitoso (R=10.143-80,5I; R=7.522-1.402S e R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). As funções geradas permitem obter o coeficiente de dano para uso no cálculo do LDE em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares, em arroz irrigado.

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação da panícula (9.432-188,5I; R=7.038-1.466S e 10.176-87I; R=8.258-533,55S), emborrachamento (R=7.044-71,78I; 6.881-1.296S e R=9.993-71,74I; R=8.846-763,83S), floração (R=7.447-82,29I; R=8.731-1.398S e R=8.347-54,36I; R=7.338-681,52S) e grão leitoso (R=10.143-80,5I; R=7.522-1.402S e R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). As funções geradas permitem obter o coeficiente de dano para uso no cálculo do LDE em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares, em arroz irrigado.

Caracterização de isolados de Xanthomonas sp. associados a sementes de arroz e diferenciação de estirpes de Xanthomonas oryzae / Isolates characterization of Xanthomonas sp. Associated with rice seed and differentiation of Xanthomonas oryzae strains

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) e X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), são os agentes causais do crestamento bacteriano da folha (CBF) e da estria bacteriana da folha (EBF), respectivamente, são pragas transmitidas por sementes e sofrem restrição no comércio internacional de arroz, por estarem ausentes em muitos países e possuírem potencial de comprometer seriamente a produção de arroz. Vinte e um isolados oriundos de sementes de arroz do Uruguai e Argentina, Gram negativos, oxidase positiva, com pigmentação amarela típica do gêneroXanthomonas e positivos no ELISA para Xoo, foram caracterizados para determinar a associação destes, com X. oryzae e seus patovares. Os isolados foram caracterizados por métodos bioquímicos, biológicos e quanto à sensibilidade a antibióticos. Análises de PCR e qPCR foram realizadas para a confirmação do gênero Xanthomonas e identificação de Xoo e Xoc. A caracterização de 21 isolados de Xanthomonas sp., positivos no ELISA para Xoo, mostrou variabilidade entre os isolados e distinção de Xo.(AU)

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), causal agents of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), respectively, are pests transmitted by seeds and suffer restriction on international rice trade, because are absent in many countries and have potential to compromise seriously rice production. Twenty-one isolates from rice seeds from Uruguay and Argentina, Gram negative, oxidase positive, with typical yellow pigmentation of genus Xanthomonas and positive in ELISA for Xoo, were characterized to determine their association with X. oryze pathovars. Isolates were characterized by biochemical, biological and antibiogram methods. PCR and qPCR analyzes were performed to confirm genus Xanthomonas and identification of Xoo and Xoc. Characterization of 21 Xanthomonas sp. isolates positive on ELISA to Xoo, showed variability among isolates and distinction of Xo.(AU)

Magnesium-induced alterations in the photosynthetic performance and resistance of rice plants infected with Bipolaris oryzae

Brown spot (BS), caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most important diseases contracted by rice. We investigated the effect of magnesium (Mg) on the development of BS, caused by Bipolaris oryzae, and the effects of disease development on the photosynthetic performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (cv. Metica-1) grown in nutrient solutions containing 0.25 or 4.0 mM of Mg. Assessments of BS severity, leaf Mg and pigment concentrations (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), were carried out at 120 h after inoculation, in addition to gas exchange parameters,. Higher leaf concentration of Mg was observed in plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg than in those supplied with 0.25 mM. The increase in leaf Mg was accompanied by a decrease in BS severity, higher concentration of total chlorophyll and better photosynthetic performance. Plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg had higher average values for carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and internal leaf CO2 concentration when compared with plants supplied with 0.25 mM Mg. Conversely, the concentration of carotenoids was lower in plants supplied with the higher Mg rate. These results suggest that Mg suppresses disease severity and preserves photosynthetic performance by allowing for better stomatal conductance and, consequently, greater availability of CO2 at the carboxylation sites.

Magnesium-induced alterations in the photosynthetic performance and resistance of rice plants infected with Bipolaris oryzae

Brown spot (BS), caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most important diseases contracted by rice. We investigated the effect of magnesium (Mg) on the development of BS, caused by Bipolaris oryzae, and the effects of disease development on the photosynthetic performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (cv. Metica-1) grown in nutrient solutions containing 0.25 or 4.0 mM of Mg. Assessments of BS severity, leaf Mg and pigment concentrations (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), were carried out at 120 h after inoculation, in addition to gas exchange parameters,. Higher leaf concentration of Mg was observed in plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg than in those supplied with 0.25 mM. The increase in leaf Mg was accompanied by a decrease in BS severity, higher concentration of total chlorophyll and better photosynthetic performance. Plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg had higher average values for carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and internal leaf CO2 concentration when compared with plants supplied with 0.25 mM Mg. Conversely, the concentration of carotenoids was lower in plants supplied with the higher Mg rate. These results suggest that Mg suppresses disease severity and preserves photosynthetic performance by allowing for better stomatal conductance and, consequently, greater availability of CO2 at the carboxylation sites.(AU)

Foliar fertilization with amino acids and phosphite based products in irrigated rice crop / Adubação foliar com produtos a base de aminoácidos e fosfito na cultura do arroz irrigado

Currently there are several commercial products based on amino acids and phosphite recommended for foliar fertilization; however, despite the relevance of this issue, there are few literature studies on their use on rice crops. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic and economic effi ciency of amino acid applications on the irrigated rice crop (Oryza sativa L.). The experiments were performed under field conditions in Rio Grande, RS using the IRGA 424 cultivar and in Cidreira, RS with the Puitá INTA CL cultivar. The experimental design at both locations was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of different combinations of the products Ajifol Fosfito Plus®, Ajifol®, Amino Plus® and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole fungicide over three periods of application. Each portion consisted of 18 lines of rice plants of 7 m in length, spaced 0.17 m apart. The following parameters were evaluated: control of brown spot on leaves and panicles in two seasons, spikelet number, number of filled grains, spikelet sterility percentage, 1,000 grains weight and yield. It can be concluded that the use of products based on amino acids + phosphite applied in flowering and milky grain stages regulates the infection of Bipolaris oryzae in a similar way to the isolated application of trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole fungicide in the same phases. The amino acids + phosphite application in fl owering and milky grain stages associated to the application of the trifl oxystrobin + tebuconazole fungicide provide an increase in grain yield and in the profi t margin of irrigated rice.

Atualmente existem vários produtos comerciais à base de aminoácidos e fosfito indicados para adubação foliar, entretanto, apesar da relevância do assunto, existem poucos trabalhos na literatura sobre os seus usos na cultura do arroz. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência agronômica e econômica da aplicação de aminoácidos e fosfito na cultura do arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.). Os experimentos foram realizados nos municípios Rio Grande, RS utilizando-se a cultivar IRGA 424 e em Cidreira, RS com a cultivar Puitá INTA CL. O delineamento experimental utilizado em ambas as localidades foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes combinações dos produtos Ajifol Fosfito Plus®, Ajifol®, Amino Plus® e o fungicida trifloxistrobina + tebuconazol em três épocas de aplicação. Cada parcela foi constituída por 18 linhas de plantas de arroz, com 7 m de comprimento, espaçadas de 0,17 m. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: controle da mancha-parda nas folhas e panículas em duas épocas, número de espiguetas e de grãos cheios, porcentagem de esterilidade de espiguetas, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Pode-se concluir que o uso de produtos a base de aminoácidos + fosfito aplicado nos estádios de florescimento e de grão leitoso controla a infecção de Bipolaris oryzae de forma similar à aplicação isolada de fungicida trifl oxistrobina+ tebuconazol, nas mesmas fases. A aplicação de aminoácidos + fosfi to nos estádios de florescimento e de grão leitoso associada à aplicação do fungicida trifl oxistrobina + tebuconazol proporciona aumento no rendimento de grãos e na margem de ganho do arroz irrigado.